Evaluation of High and Low Serum Triglyceride and Cholesterol Levels Among the Population of El-Wahat, Libya
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Evaluation of both cholesterol, Triglyceride TG, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were studied in the Al Wahat region. A total of 1060 samples, 426 samples of cholesterol, 419 samples of TG, 325 samples of HDL, and 316 samples of LDL were collected. A statistical analysis of these samples revealed that the highest incidence of elevation in all these types occurred between the ages of 50 and 60, with the mean 53 years and a standard deviation (SD) ranging from 2 to 9.5. The coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 4 to 18, and the coefficient of skewness SK1 and SK2 was negative, indicating an increasing incidence with age. The incidence rate of cholesterol was about 19.5%, TG about 28%, HDL about 20%, and LDL about 37%. The incidence rate for individuals aged 50-60 among men was cholesterol 44%, TG 40%, HDL 51%, and LDL 66%, while among women it was cholesterol 47%, TG 46%, HDL 50%, and LDL 58%.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Mrvichin, N., Kaats, G. R., Bagchi, D., & Preuss, H. G. (2020). Evaluating proposed surrogates to estimate insulin resistance in non-diabetics: emphasizing the ratio TG/HDL-cholesterol versus fasting blood glucose. In Dietary Sugar, Salt and Fat in Human Health (pp. 291-304). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816918-6.00013-5
Jialal, I., Adams-Huet, B., & Remaley, A. T. (2022). A comparison of the ratios of C-reactive protein and TG to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol as biomarkers of metabolic syndrome in African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 36(7), 108231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108231
Natali, A., Baldi, S., Bonnet, F., Petrie, J., Trifirò, S., Tricò, D., ... & RISC Investigators. (2017). Plasma HDL-cholesterol and TG, but not LDL-cholesterol, are associated with insulin secretion in non-diabetic subjects. Metabolism, 69, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.metabol.2017.01.001
Baena, M., Sangüesa, G., Hutter, N., Beltrán, J. M., Sánchez, R. M., Roglans, N., ... & Laguna, J. C. (2017). Liquid fructose in Western-diet-fed mice impairs liver insulin signaling and causes cholesterol and triglyceride loading without changing calorie intake and body weight. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 40, 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jnutbio.2016.10.015
Wang, F, Lu, H., Liu, F., Cai, H., Xia, H., Guo, F., ... & Sun, G. (2017). Consumption of a liquid high-fat meal increases TG but decreases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in abdominally obese subjects with high postprandial insulin resistance. Nutrition Research, 43, 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.010
Guofeng, C., Chen, Y., Rong, W., Ruiyu, L., & Kunzheng, W. (2020). Patients with metabolic syndrome have a greater rate of complications after arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone & joint research, 9(3), 120-129. doi:10.1302/2046-3758.93.BJR-2019-0138.R1
Jing, C. U. I., Ping, M. A., Sun, J. P., Baloch, Z., Fan, Y. I. N., Xin, H. L., ... & Wang, B. L. (2019). The ability of baseline TG and total cholesterol concentrations to predict incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese men and women: a longitudinal study in Qingdao, China. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 32(12), 905-913. https://doi.org/ 10.3967/bes2019.113
dos Santos-Weiss, I. C., Rea, R. R., Fadel-Picheth, C. M., Rego, F. G., Pedrosa, F. D. O., Gillery, P., ... & Picheth, G. (2013). The plasma logarithm of the triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio is a predictor of low risk gestational diabetes in early pregnancy. Clinica Chimica Acta, 418, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2012.12.004
Dong, H., Wang, J., Hu, P., & Lu, N. (2023). Associations of apolipoproteinA1, high density lipoprotein cholesterol with hemoglobin glycation index and triglyceride-glucose index in Chinese adults with coronary artery disease. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 108516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108516
Liu, H. H., Li, S., Cao, Y. X., Guo, Y. L., Zhu, C. G., Wu, N. Q., & Li, J. J. (2021). Association of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-cholesterol with recurrent cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients according to different inflammatory status. Atherosclerosis, 330, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.907
Arai, T., Sekimoto, T., Koba, S., Mori, H., Matsukawa, N., Sakai, R., ... & Shinke, T. (2022). Impact of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins on plaque rupture with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 16(5), 725-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2022.07.012
Thérond, P. (2022). Place des marqueurs lipidiques dans la stratification du risque cardiovasculaire: LDL cholestérol, HDL cholestérol, triglycérides, apolipoprotéine B. Revue Francophone des Laboratoires, 2022(543), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1773-035X(22)00215-5
Rodríguez, F. O. R., Santiago, J. C., Jiménez, G. M., Rodríguez, Y. R. C., Meléndez, A. R., Uicab, C. J. M., ... & Sierra, R. P. (2020, May). Post-transplant cholesterol and triglyceride behavior: effects of sex, age of the recipient, and type of donor. In Transplantation Proceedings (Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 1157-1162). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.transproceed.2020.01.063
Di Giorgi, N., Michelucci, E., Smit, J. M., Scholte, A. J., El Mahdiui, M., Knuuti, J., ... & Rocchiccioli, S. (2021). A specific plasma lipid signature associated with high TG and low HDL cholesterol identifies residual CAD risk in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. Atherosclerosis, 339, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.11.013
Lee, H. R., Kim, J. K., Kim, J. H., & Chung, T. H. (2021). Compared to serum triglyceride alone, the association between serum triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk as determined by Framingham risk scores in a large Korean cohort. Clinica Chimica Acta, 520, 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2021.05.029
Guarneiri, L. L., Paton, C. M., & Cooper, J. A. (2021). Pecan-enriched diets alter cholesterol profiles and TG in adults at risk for cardiovascular disease in a randomized, controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition, 151(10), 3091-3101. https://doi.org/10.1093/ jn/nxab248
Ma, F., Darabi, M., Lhomme, M., Tubeuf, E., Canicio, A., Brerault, J., ... & Kontush, A. (2021). Phospholipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) upon triglyceride lipolysis is directly correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels and is not associated with cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis, 324, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.002
Park, J. B. (2022). In vivo effects of coffee containing javamide-I/-II on body weight, LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, TG, leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, sE-selectin, TNF-α, and MCP-1. Current Developments in Nutrition, 6(1), nzab145. https://doi.org/10.1093/ cdn/nzab145Get rights and content
Alcántara-Alonso, E., Molinar-Ramos, F., González-López, J. A., Alcántara-Alonso, V., Muñoz-Pérez, M. A., Lozano-Nuevo, J. J., ... & Mendoza-Portillo, E. (2021). High triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio as a biochemical marker of severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 44, 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.020
Lanktree, M. B., Thériault, S., Walsh, M., & Paré, G. (2018). HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and TG as risk factors for CKD: a Mendelian randomization study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 71(2), 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.06.011
Galimberti, F., Casula, M., & Olmastroni, E. (2023). Apolipoprotein B compared with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases risk assessment. Pharmacological Research, 106873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106873
Zhou, L., Mai, J., Li, Y., Guo, M., Wu, Y., Gao, X., ... & Zhao, L. (2020). Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in a Chinese population. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 30(10), 1706-1713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.05.009
Tejera, C. H., Minnier, J., Fazio, S., Safford, M. M., Colantonio, L. D., Irvin, M. R., ... & Pamir, N. (2021). High triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio is associated with increased coronary heart disease among White but not Black adults. American Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 7, 100198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100198
Lim, T. K., Lee, H. S., & Lee, Y. J. (2020). Triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio and the incidence risk of type 2 diabetes in community dwelling adults: A longitudinal 12-year analysis of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 163, 108150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108150
Matsumoto, I., Misaki, A., Kurozumi, M., Nanba, T., & Takagi, Y. (2018). Impact of nonfasting TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on secondary prevention in patients treated with statins. Journal of Cardiology, 71(1), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jjcc.2017.07.012
Sutin, A. R., Terracciano, A., Deiana, B., Uda, M., Schlessinger, D., Lakatta, E. G., & Costa Jr, P. T. (2010). Cholesterol, TG, and the Five-Factor Model of personality. Biological psychology, 84(2), 186-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.012
Sultani, R., Tong, D. C., Peverelle, M., Lee, Y. S., Baradi, A., & Wilson, A. M. (2020). Elevated TG to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio predicts long-term mortality in high-risk patients. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 29(3), 414-421. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.03.019
Greene, S. J., Vaduganathan, M., Lupi, L., Ambrosy, A. P., Mentz, R. J., Konstam, M. A., ... & EVEREST Trial Investigators. (2013). Prognostic significance of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients hospitalized for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (from the EVEREST Trial). The American journal of cardiology, 111(4), 574-581. https://doi .org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.10.042
Ling, Y., Jiang, J., Wu, B., & Gao, X. (2017). Serum triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and coronary heart disease in a Chinese population undergoing coronary angiography. Journal of clinical lipidology, 11(3), 646-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jacl.2017.02.017
Bassot, A., Prip-Buus, C., Alves, A., Berdeaux, O., Perrier, J., Lenoir, V., ... & Morio, B. (2021). Loss and gain of function of Grp75 or mitofusin 2 distinctly alter cholesterol metabolism, but all promote triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1866(12), 159030. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159030
Sanjay, K. V., Vishwakarma, S., Zope, B. R., Mane, V. S., Mohire, S., & Dhakshinamoorthy, S. (2021). ATP citrate lyase inhibitor Bempedoic Acid alleviate long term HFD induced NASH through improvement in glycemic control, reduction of hepatic TG & total cholesterol, modulation of inflammatory & fibrotic genes and improvement in NAS score. Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, 2, 100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100051
Bechmann, L. E., Emanuelsson, F., Nordestgaard, B. G., & Benn, M. (2023). SGLT2-inhibition increases total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and lowers TG: Meta-analyses of 60 randomized trials, overall and by dose, ethnicity, and drug type. Atherosclerosis, 117236. https://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(23)05153-5/fulltext
Ikezaki, H., Furusyo, N., Ai, M., Okazaki, M., Kohzuma, T., Hayashi, J., ... & Schaefer, E. J. (2023). Relationship between the cholesterol and triglyceride content of lipoprotein subclasses and carotid intima-media thickness: a cross-sectional population-based study. Clinica Chimica Acta, 117521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2023.117521
Schillemans, T., Bergdahl, I. A., Hanhineva, K., Shi, L., Donat-Vargas, C., Koponen, J., ... & Brunius, C. (2023). Associations of PFAS-related plasma metabolites with cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Environmental research, 216, 114570. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114570
Chang, Y., Jeon, J., Song, T. J., & Kim, J. (2023). Association of triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with severe complications of COVID-19. Heliyon. https://www. cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(23)04636-4
Alcántara-Alonso, E., Molinar-Ramos, F., González-López, J. A., Alcántara-Alonso, V., Muñoz-Pérez, M. A., Lozano-Nuevo, J. J., ... & Mendoza-Portillo, E. (2021). High triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio as a biochemical marker of severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 44, 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.020
Jalaja, R., Leela, S. G., Mohan, S., Nair, M. S., Gopalan, R. K., & Somappa, S. B. (2021). Anti-hyperlipidemic potential of natural product based labdane-pyrroles via inhibition of cholesterol and TG synthesis. Bioorganic Chemistry, 108, 104664. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104664
Amerizadeh, A., Ghaheh, H. S., Vaseghi, G., Farajzadegan, Z., & Asgary, S. (2022). Effect of oat (Avena sativa L.) consumption on lipid profile with focus on TG and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C): An updated systematic review. Current Problems in Cardiology, 101153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101153
Imamura, T., & Kinugawa, K. (2023). Impact Of Pemafibrate On Triglyceride To Hdl-cholesterol Ratio And Risk Of Adverse Cardiovascular Events. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 29(4), 590. https://onlinejcf.com/article/S1071-9164(22)00842-9/abstract
Gunness, P., Zhai, H., Williams, B. A., Zhang, D., & Gidley, M. J. (2021). Pectin and mango pulp both reduce plasma cholesterol in pigs but have different effects on TG and bile acids. Food Hydrocolloids, 112, 106369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106369
Navarro-Imaz, H., Chico, Y., Rueda, Y., & Fresnedo, O. (2019). Channeling of newly synthesized fatty acids to cholesterol esterification limits triglyceride synthesis in SND1-overexpressing hepatoma cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1864(2), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.004
Harnafi, H., Ramchoun, M., Tits, M., Wauters, J. N., Frederich, M., Angenot, L., ... & Amrani, S. (2013). Phenolic acid-rich extract of sweet basil restores cholesterol and TG metabolism in high fat diet-fed mice: A comparison with fenofibrate. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition, 3(4), 393-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2013.03.005
Kim, K. W., Won, Y. L., & Ko, K. S. (2015). Ethnic differences in the metabolism of toluene: comparisons between Korean and foreign workers exposed to toluene. Toxicological research, 31, 25-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5487/TR.2015.31.1.025
Rasouli, M., Mosavi-Mehr, M., & Tahmouri, H. (2012). Liver denervation increases the levels of serum triglyceride and cholesterol via increases in the rate of VLDL secretion. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology, 36(1), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.clinre.2011.09.012
Soejima, M., Munkhtulga, L., Furukawa, K., Iwamoto, S., & Koda, Y. (2020). Serum haptoglobin correlates positively with cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in an obese Mongolian population. Clinica Chimica Acta, 505, 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cca.2020.03.003
Tagawa, H., Irie, J., Itoh, A., Kusumoto, Y., Kato, M., Kobayashi, N., ... & Itoh, H. (2015). Bile acid binding resin improves hepatic insulin sensitivity by reducing cholesterol but not triglyceride levels in the liver. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 109(1), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2015.04.025
Anderson, J. L., Bakker, S. J., & Tietge, U. J. (2021). The triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio and chronic graft failure in renal transplantation. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 15(2), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2021.01.009
Lee, I. T., Wang, C. Y., Huang, C. N., Fu, C. C., & Sheu, W. H. H. (2013). High triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio associated with albuminuria in type 2 diabetic subjects. Journal of diabetes and its complications, 27(3), 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.11.004
Contreras-Duarte, S., Cantin, C., Farias, M., & Leiva, A. (2021). High total cholesterol and TG levels increase arginases metabolism, impairing nitric oxide signaling and worsening fetoplacental endothelial dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1867(12), 166216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166216
[50] Cho, E. B., Cho, H. J., Choi, M., Seok, J. M., Shin, H. Y., Kim, B. J., & Min, J. H. (2020). Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high TG lipid profile in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: associations with disease activity and disability. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 40, 101981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.101981
McKenzie, K. M., Lee, C. M., Mijatovic, J., Haghighi, M. M., & Skilton, M. R. (2021). Medium-Chain triglyceride oil and blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. The Journal of Nutrition, 151(10), 2949-2956. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab220
Furusyo, N., Ai, M., Okazaki, M., Ikezaki, H., Ihara, T., Hayashi, T., ... & Hayashi, J. (2013). Serum cholesterol and triglyceride reference ranges of twenty lipoprotein subclasses for healthy Japanese men and women. Atherosclerosis, 231(2), 238-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.008
Lindkvist, B., Appelros, S., Regnér, S., & Manjer, J. (2012). A prospective cohort study on risk of acute pancreatitis related to serum TG, cholesterol and fasting glucose. Pancreatology, 12(4), 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2012.05.002
Wei, Y. G., Cai, D. B., Liu, J., Liu, R. X., Wang, S. B., Tang, Y. Q., ... & Wang, F. (2020). Cholesterol and triglyceride levels in first-episode patients with major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.114