The Impact of Parasites on Farm Animal Productivity: A Review

Abstract

Parasitic infestations represent a significant and often underestimated constraint on global livestock productivity, with profound implications for food security, economic sustainability, and animal welfare. While traditionally the domain of veterinary science, the environmental drivers of parasite transmission, particularly soil and water interactions, are critical determinants of infection pressure within agricultural systems. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the major parasitic groups (helminths, protozoa, ectoparasites) affecting key farm animal species (ruminants, swine, poultry). We detail the multifaceted mechanisms through which parasites reduce productivity, including impaired nutrient utilization, reduced growth rates, diminished milk and egg yields, reproductive inefficiencies, morbidity, and mortality. Critically, the role of environmental factors – soil type, moisture, temperature, pasture management, and water quality – in mediating parasite life cycles and transmission is emphasized. The economic burden encompasses direct production losses and costs associated with control measures, including the growing challenge of anthelmintic resistance. This review underscores the necessity of integrated parasite management (IPM) strategies that combine targeted anthelmintic use, environmental modification, genetic selection, and nutritional interventions. Collaboration between parasitologists, veterinarians, animal scientists, and environmental specialists (particularly soil and water scientists) is paramount for developing sustainable solutions that mitigate parasite impacts while preserving environmental health and productivity.