Libyan Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences
Libyan Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences LJMAS (ISSN Online: 3006-1113) is an international online journal in English and Arabic published "quarterly" a year for scientists, practitioners, and research scholars involved in Medical and Applied Sciences and all other related areas. Manuscripts reporting original research, general articles, case reports, and innovative applications from all parts of the world are welcome. Manuscripts for publication in LJMAS are selected through rigorous peer review to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and reliability. The main aim of LJMAS is to publish peer-reviewed research and review articles in the rapidly developing field of Medical and Applied Sciences and all other related areas of Applied Sciences. LJMAS is an online journal having full access to research and review papers. The journal also seeks ideal surveys and review articles from experts to promote an insightful understanding of the current trends. LJMAS aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of Medical Sciences and related areas of Applied and Applied Sciences.
Higher Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Bani Walid, Libya
Study of the mineral composition and color intensity of some honey samples circulating in the Libyan market
Considering that honey is a complete food rich in minerals, which are an important reason for honey acquiring different colors, this study aimed to determine the levels of sodium (Na), potassium (K), lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), and barium (Ba) in six samples. Sample H1 was recorded the highest concentrations of these elements (12.7, 48.8, 1.4, 8.8, and 17.3 ppm), respectively. UV spectroscopy results showed that sample H3 had the highest iron concentration (7.05 mg/100 g), while H6 had the highest phosphorus level (317 mg/g). In addition to the elemental analysis, the honey color was evaluated using the Pfund scale, a commonly used standard that measures the color and intensity of honey samples on a spectrum from light to dark. Sample H6 recorded the highest Pfund value and density (134.73 mm Pfund and 805 mU), showing a dark amber color. In contrast, sample H3 was recorded the lowest Pfund value and density (52.29 mm Pfund and 204 mU), showing a light amber color.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Study of Four Methods in Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
Hierarchical cluster analysis represents a fundamental technique in unsupervised machine learning and exploratory data analysis, with applications spanning numerous scientific disciplines. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of four principal hierarchical clustering methods: single linkage, complete linkage, average linkage, and Ward's method. The primary objective is to evaluate the performance characteristics, strengths, and limitations of each approach across diverse data structures and clustering scenarios. Through systematic simulation studies implemented in R software, we generated synthetic datasets with varying cluster properties, including different shapes, densities, and noise levels. Performance evaluation utilized multiple metrics including silhouette coefficients, cophenetic correlation, and cluster validity indices. Results demonstrate that Ward's method consistently produces the most compact and well-separated clusters for spherical cluster structures, achieving superior silhouette scores (mean = 0.78) compared to other methods. Complete linkage showed robust performance against outliers but exhibited sensitivity to cluster size variations. Single linkage effectively identified elongated clusters but suffered from chaining effects in noisy datasets. Average linkage provided balanced performance across different scenarios, serving as a reliable middle-ground approach. The findings reveal significant performance dependencies on data characteristics, suggesting that method selection should be guided by prior knowledge of underlying cluster structures. This research contributes to the understanding of hierarchical clustering method selection and provides practical guidelines for practitioners in choosing appropriate algorithms for specific data analysis contexts.
Evaluation of Element Concentrations in Selected Economic Marine Fish Species in Tripoli, Libya
This study aims to assess the concentrations of heavy metals—iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb)—in six economically significant marine fish species: Sardinella aurita (sardine), Sphyraena sphyraena (barracuda), Epinephelus costae (dusky grouper), Pagellus erythrinus (common pandora), Scomber japonicus (chub mackerel), and Oblada melanura (saddled seabream). A total of 18 specimens from each species were obtained from local fishermen at the Tripoli fish market. The average lengths and weights were as follows: sardine (19.22 cm, 60.17 g), barracuda (32.35 cm, 122.5 g), dusky grouper (25.02 cm, 190.17 g), common pandora (20.55 cm, 119.5 g), chub mackerel (24.35 cm, 139.17 g), and addled seabream (20.5 cm, 181.67 g). Heavy metal concentrations were measured using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). Results indicated that all detected concentrations were within internationally accepted safety limits, as defined by WHO, FAO, and EU standards. Among the studied metals, iron exhibited the highest concentration across all species, followed by zinc. The highest iron levels were recorded in Pagellus erythrinus, followed by Sardinella aurita, Oblada melanura, Scomber japonicus, Sphyraena sphyraena, and the lowest in Epinephelus costae. Similarly, Pagellus erythrinus showed the highest copper concentration, followed by Sardinella aurita, Oblada melanura, Scomber japonicus, Sphyraena sphyraena, and Epinephelus costae. Lead concentrations were highest in Sardinella aurita, followed by Epinephelus costae, Pagellus erythrinus, Oblada melanura, Scomber japonicus, and lowest in Sphyraena sphyraena. These findings confirm the safety of the studied fish species for human consumption and provide a valuable reference for environmental monitoring and public health risk assessment in the region.
Variability in Clinical Observations and Treatment Decisions Among Therapists for Knee Injury
Variability in how clinicians observe and treat knee injuries can impact patient outcomes and guideline adherence. We review literature on inter-clinician reliability and practice patterns. Studies report moderate-to-high agreement on specific physical tests (e.g., Lachman κ≈0.42-0.81), but notable differences in how therapists classify conditions and select treatments. Surveys indicate nearly all therapists use exercise for knee osteoarthritis, yet only ~34% plan post-discharge follow-up. Older therapists favor passive modalities (e.g., 19% use ultrasound). Chart reviews of postoperative rehab show large variations in visit counts and exercise types by setting. Qualitative studies reveal that many therapists tailor care based on symptoms and often use “non-core” modalities (like manual therapy) despite guideline focus on education/exercise. Key factors include training background, clinical setting, and patient factors. These findings suggest a need for stronger consensus and training to reduce unwarranted variability, while preserving individualized care.
The Impact of Noise in Industrial Work Environments A Field Study at Mellitah Oil & Gas
This study investigates the impact of noise on workers in industrial work environments and evaluates the level of workers’ awareness of protective measures against noise. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing data collected through a structured questionnaire covering two main axes: the health effects of noise and noise protection measures. The study focused on Mellitah Oil & Gas, with a randomly selected sample of 52 participants. The results indicated that a considerable proportion of workers (73.1%) were aware of the general health effects of noise. It was also found that noise has a significant impact on hearing (63.5%), contributes to elevated blood pressure (53.8%), and negatively affects concentration (57.7%), thereby increasing the likelihood of occupational accidents. Furthermore, the study revealed deficiencies in the monitoring of preventive health measures (42.3%). Regarding the second axis, the findings showed a clear shortcoming in awareness campaigns (46.2%) and workplace design (48.1%), while the availability of safety equipment was found to be moderately adequate (55.8%), The study recommends the establishment of a periodic medical screening system with strict adherence, strengthening training programs and awareness campaigns, and improving workplace conditions through effective monitoring and regular follow-up mechanisms.
Analysis of Soil and Water Characteristics of Farwa Lake for the Feasibility of Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) Cultivation in Libya
This study evaluates the feasibility of cultivating grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) in Farwa Lake, Libya, by analyzing soil and water characteristics within this unique coastal ecosystem. The work builds upon previous research in Tajoura, where imported seedlings demonstrated over 80% survival after improved transportation and cultivation protocols. Encouraged by these results, the current study extends the investigation to natural field conditions. A multidisciplinary approach was adopted, including soil particle size distribution and classification using the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), alongside water quality assessments of salinity, electrical conductivity, and pH across multiple sites. Controlled cultivation experiments were also conducted to monitor seedling responses under local conditions. Findings revealed that Farwa Lake soils consist of 88.3% sand and 11.7% fines, classifying them as silty sand (SM). This composition provides favorable drainage and nutrient retention, supporting mangrove root development. Water analyses showed variable salinity, in some cases exceeding seawater levels, and pH values ranging from 7.8 to 8.9, indicating a moderately alkaline environment suitable for A. marina. The most promising observation was the early flowering of seedlings under local conditions, suggesting strong physiological and genetic adaptation mechanisms. These results confirm the potential of Farwa Lake as a viable site for mangrove cultivation, offering both ecological and socio-economic benefits, including shoreline protection, biodiversity enhancement, and contributions to climate change mitigation.
Analytical Investigation of Positive Continuous Solutions for Nonlinear Quadratic Integral Equations of Hammerstein Type via Fixed-Point Methodological Approaches
This study establishes rigorous existence criteria for positive continuous solutions to a significant class of nonlinear quadratic integral equations of Hammerstein type. The investigation employs Schauder's fixed-point theorem as the principal analytical tool to derive the main existence result. Furthermore, under appropriately formulated monotonicity constraints, the existence of both maximal and minimal solutions is demonstrated. These theoretical contributions extend the existing mathematical literature on quadratic integral equations by introducing novel methodological frameworks and broadening the domain of applicability for this important category of nonlinear functional equations.
Study of the Effect of Turmeric Root Extract (Curcuma Longa L.) on Liver and Kidney Tissues in Male Hamsters (Hamster Cricetinae) at Varying Doses
Despite the well-documented health benefits of turmeric, the safety of consuming high doses over long periods remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological alterations in the liver and kidneys induced by chronic exposure to turmeric root extract in male hamsters. A total of thirty-two adult male hamsters were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8 per group). The control group received no treatment, while the other three groups received oral doses of turmeric extract at 750, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg/day for 60 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, liver and kidney tissues were excised and processed for histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The findings revealed a dose-dependent relationship between turmeric extract exposure and the severity of histopathological changes. In the liver, the low dose (750 mg/kg) caused mild vascular congestion, whereas higher doses (1000 and 1500 mg/kg) led to hepatocellular swelling, focal granular degeneration, and marked central congestion, with mild inflammatory infiltration and small necrotic foci at 1500 mg/kg. In the kidneys, glomerular congestion and tubular cell swelling were observed at moderate and high doses, with tubular granular degeneration and mild proteinaceous deposits at 1500 mg/kg. Chronic exposure to high doses (≥1000 mg/kg) of turmeric root extract induces significant histopathological changes in both the liver and kidneys, indicating cellular stress and tissue toxicity. These findings highlight the need for caution and for defining safe dose thresholds when using concentrated turmeric extracts over prolonged periods.
Effect of Light Exposure Duration (8 vs. 16 h) on Anthocyanin Accumulation in Dried Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Flowers
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure to different light periods (8 h vs. 16 h) on the accumulation of anthocyanin in dried (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) flowers during storage, as anthocyanin is an important compound for the nutritional value and color of hibiscus, and is used as a natural antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The experiment was conducted using 24 dry flowers, which were randomly divided into two groups with four replicate per group, three flowers per replicate. The first group was exposed to a long lighting period (16 h) and the second group was exposed to a lighting period (8 h) daily using 30W fluorescent lamps for 7-15 days. Anthocyanin was extracted using water acidified with 1% citric acid. Anthocyanin accumulation was determined using the pH differential method using a spectrophotometer at 510-700 nm. The results revealed that long lighting (16 h) increased anthocyanin by 54% compared to 8 h of lighting. This is attributed to the increased activity of anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes under long lighting, which leads to increased accumulation of anthocyanin in hibiscus. Indicates the importance of using long lighting during the preservation and storage of hibiscus, which contributes to improving the quality of dried hibiscus as important food product in local production.
Comparison Study of Synthesis of some Aromatic Compounds Using Conventional and Microwave Method
In this study, four aromatic compounds—benzylidene aniline, acetanilide, and (N)-cinnamylidene aniline-benzimidazole—were prepared and their physical properties (Molecular weight, Melting point, Density, Solubility, Reaction time, and Yield). The conventional solvent method was evaluated for benzylidene aniline yielded 88% with a reaction time of 30 min, while the microwave method significantly improved the efficiency, producing a 97% yield in just 2 min, with no changes in melting point or density. Infrared spectra confirmed the presence of characteristic C–H, C=C, and C=N vibrations. For acetanilide, the conventional method yielded 86% in 20 min, while microwave irradiation increased the yield to 95% with a shorter reaction time of 3 to 5 min. The melting point and density were almost identical in both methods, confirming the purity of the product. Infrared spectral data supported the successful formation of acetanilide through the characteristic stretching vibrations of N–H, C–H, and C=O. For N-cinnamylidene aniline, the conventional solvent-based method achieved a yield of 77%, with a melting point between 175 and 176.5 °C and a density of 0.93 g/cm³. Vibrations were found at characteristic bands for the benzamidazole compound at 1620 cm⁻¹ (C=N) and 1600–1450 cm⁻¹ (aromatic C=C), the yield was 75% using the conventional method, while the yield was 91% using the microwave method, with a reduced time of only 15 minutes. The IR spectrum showed two peaks at 3400–3300 cm⁻¹ (N–H) and 1620–1600 cm⁻¹ (C=N), confirming the formation of the expected product. Overall, the results demonstrate that microwave-assisted synthesis outperforms conventional solvent-based methods, providing higher yields and shorter reaction times while maintaining similar physical and spectral properties of the final products.
Use of Wild Thyme Plant Extracts as Natural Ligands for the Synthesis of Metal Complexes and Evaluation of Their Efficacy as Inhibitors of Tumor-Associated Enzymes
The present investigation explores the utilization of wild thyme (Thymus vulgaris) plant extracts as natural ligands for synthesizing novel metal complexes and evaluating their potential as inhibitors of tumor-associated enzymes. Three distinct metal complexes were synthesized using Cu (II), Zn (II), and Co (II) salts with ethanolic extracts of wild thyme, which contain phenolic compounds such as thymol, carvacrol, and rosmarinic acid. The synthesized complexes were characterized through various spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, 1H NMR, ESI-MS, and thermogravimetric analysis. Physicochemical properties revealed successful coordination of thyme constituents to metal centers, with molar conductivity values indicating non-electrolytic nature. The biological evaluation focused on inhibitory activities against tyrosinase and carbonic anhydrase IX, both crucial enzymes in tumor progression and metastasis. Results demonstrated that the Cu (II)-thyme complex exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against tyrosinase with an IC50 value of 12.3 μM, while the Zn (II)-thyme complex showed superior carbonic anhydrase IX inhibition (IC50 = 8.7 μM). These findings suggest that metal complexation enhances the bioactivity of natural thyme constituents, providing a promising avenue for developing novel anticancer agents based on bioinorganic chemistry principles.
PH-Driven Coordination Behaviour and Speciation Modelling of Copper and Zinc Ions in a Mixed Citric–Succinic Acid System
The protonation and complexation behaviour of the mixed-ligand system composed of citric (Cit) and succinic (Succ) acids with mixed-metal ions of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ was investigated potentiometrically at 25 °C and an ionic strength of 0.1 M KCl. The combined ligand system (Cit + Succ) exhibited apparent pKa values (3.6, 4.2, 5.2, 6.0), reflecting mutual protonation shifts arising from overlapping carboxylate equilibria. Complexation results showed that Cu²⁺ forms significantly more stable binary complexes (log β = 11.7) than Zn²⁺ (log β = 9.4). When both metal ions coexist, the overall stability of the mixed-metal system reached a remarkably high value (log β = 22.9). Calculation of the synergism index (Δlogβ) revealed strong antagonism for the ternary complexes involving a single metal bound simultaneously to Cit and Succ, particularly for citrate, which exhibited pronounced destabilisation in the presence of both Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺. In contrast, succinate showed mild positive synergism, especially under conditional pH conditions. Most notably, the full mixed system (Cu + Zn with Cit + Succ) displayed a substantial positive Δlogβ (+1.8), corresponding to a 63-fold enhancement in stability. This indicates that the observed cooperative behaviour arises not from citrate acting as a central binding platform, but from a heterometallic–heteroligand organisation in which succinate favours complementary coordination while citrate contributes only selectively. Species-distribution analysis supports the presence of stabilised heterometallic arrangements rather than classical central–peripheral ligand partitioning.
Real-Time Fire Detection Using YOLOv8 and Twilio SMS Alerts
Fire alarm systems are essential components of modern safety infrastructure, playing a critical role in mitigating risks to human life, property, and the environment. Despite their necessity, traditional sensor-based methods—such as smoke and heat detectors—often struggle with significant limitations, including delayed response times and high rates of false alarms. These issues are particularly prevalent in large industrial warehouses or open-air environments where environmental variables can impede the accuracy of physical sensors. To address these challenges, this study presents a real-time fire detection system that integrates the YOLOv8 deep learning architecture with the Twilio SMS communication service. The system utilizes the YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once) algorithm, which is highly regarded for its ability to perform high-speed and accurate object detection in video streams. The model was trained using a diverse and comprehensive dataset consisting of 11,263 annotated images from Roboflow, ensuring reliable detection across various lighting and environmental conditions. The platform continuously analyzes live video feeds to identify the visual signatures of fire. Upon confirmed detection, it automatically triggers an instantaneous SMS alert via the Twilio API to pre-defined emergency recipients. Quantitative evaluation demonstrates the model's high efficacy, achieving a mean Average Precision (mAP@.5) of 95%, with a precision of 95.4% and a recall of 76%. With an average confidence level of 0.58%, this system offers a robust, automated solution that bridges the gap between detection and emergency notification.
Chemical Treatment of X-Ray Film Waste: Silver Recovery and PET Base Recycling via Pyrolysis
Radiology departments generate significant quantities of medical waste, specifically discarded X-ray films, which pose environmental risks due to their heavy metal content and non-biodegradable components. Managing this waste is crucial to prevent toxic leaching and to recover valuable resources that are often lost through conventional disposal. This study addresses these challenges through a dual-purpose integrated treatment protocol focusing on high-purity silver recovery and the recycling of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) base. Silver recovery was analyzed using two chemical approaches: acid leaching with nitric acid (HNO3) and alkaline stripping with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Stoichiometric analysis demonstrated that the alkaline method achieved a significantly higher silver yield of 31.29 g/kg, compared to 21.08 g/kg for the nitric acid method. Although nitric acid exhibited faster reaction kinetics, the sodium hydroxide approach proved more efficient and environmentally sustainable. Following silver extraction, the remaining PET base was processed through thermal pyrolysis to produce high-value liquid hydrocarbon fuel. Analytical results showed carbon chain distributions ranging from C6 to C20, closely resembling the profile of commercial gasoline. This research establishes a sustainable circular economy framework for managing hazardous radiological waste. By optimizing resource recovery through the alkaline-pyrolysis pathway, the study offers a viable solution to minimize environmental impacts while maximizing the economic value of medical waste materials.
First Documentation of the Lilium candidum L in Libya and Its Implications for Mediterranean Flora
Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae), is a culturally and biologically significant Mediterranean geophyte whose natural distribution has long been debated due to millennia of cultivation and subsequent naturalization. While native populations are well documented in the eastern Mediterranean, no species of Lilium has previously been confirmed from Libya, leaving a notable gap in the southern Mediterranean range of the genus. This study reports the first scientifically validated record of L. candidum from Libya, discovered in the Green Mountain (Jabal al-Akhdar) region at Ras Al-Hilal. Field observations were initially made in 2019, followed by detailed morphological and taxonomic investigations in 2025. The population occurs on north facing calcareous slopes within a Mediterranean montane habitat, consistent with the known ecological preferences of the species, and in proximity to an archaeological site dated to the sixth century BCE. Morphological analyses of vegetative and floral traits including bulb structure, stem height, leaf arrangement, flower size, tepal dimensions, and stamen morphology show complete agreement with authoritative descriptions of L. candidum from the Mediterranean Basin. Comparative assessment using standard floras and herbarium references confirms the taxonomic identity of the Libyan population. This finding extends the documented southern limit of Lilium, represents a significant addition to the Libyan flora, and raises biogeographic questions regarding relictual persistence versus ancient or recent human mediated dispersal. The record underscores the importance of continued botanical exploration in North Africa and highlights the need for further ecological and molecular studies to clarify the origin and conservation status of this population.
Using Giemsa Stain for Indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Olanzapine
In this work, an indirect spectrophotometric method for estimation of olanzapine by oxidation and bleaching reaction in its pure and pharmaceutical form has been described. The principle of the method depended on the oxidation of olanzapine in an acidic medium by a known excess of sodium hypochlorite. The residual amount of oxidant (sodium hypochlorite) is consumed in the decolorization of the Giemsa stain. The absorbance of unreacted Giemsa stain at 622 nm is directly proportional to the amount of olanzapine. Beer's law was obeyed over the concentrations from 0.5 to 7.5 μg .ml-1with a good determination coefficient(R2=0.9973). The molar absorptivity was 4.4579x 104 l.mol-1.cm-1and Sandell´s index was 0.007 μg.cm-2. As for RSD% values, they fall within the range 0.56 to 0.69% depending on the concentration level. The values of LOD and LOQ have been assessed and found to be 0.04204 μg. mL-1and 0.1261 μg. mL-1 respectively, while the range of recovery was found to be 99.14% to 100.20%. A standard addition method for the determination of olanzapine was carried out and the results indicated that there are no interferences were observed from common additives found in pharmaceutical preparation(tablets). The recommended method was successfully applied to assay olanzapine in tablets. A t-test has been studied and the results indicated that no significant difference between the t-test results and tabulated values at 95% confidence level.
Estimation of Mercury Levels in Non-Edible Tissues (viscera and Brain) of the Common Octopus from the Western Tripoli Coast
This study aimed to evaluate mercury (Hg) accumulation in tissues of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) collected from two distinct sites with contrasting levels of environmental contamination: Zawia Refinery and Marsa Zawagha-Sabratha. A total of 5 specimens were collected from Zawia Refinery and 3 specimens from Marsa Zawagha-Sabratha. Tissue samples, including viscera and brain, were analyzed to determine Hg concentrations. Octopus viscera from the Zawia Refinery exhibited Hg levels ranging from 0.052 to 0.165 mg/kg, with the highest concentration observed in the largest individual weighing 1.5 kg. In contrast, viscera from Marsa Zawagha-Sabratha showed substantially lower Hg levels (0.0285–0.0329 mg/kg). Brain tissue analysis revealed even higher Hg accumulation than viscera in the same locality, with concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 0.31 mg/kg in Zawia, whereas brain Hg levels in Marsa Zawagha-Sabratha were minimal (0.01–0.0121 mg/kg). The study also demonstrated a size-dependent trend, with larger octopus’s individuals accumulating higher Hg concentrations in viscera, reflecting prolonged exposure and increased dietary intake over time. A direct comparison between organs indicated selective tissue accumulation, as Hg concentrations in the brain were nearly double those in the viscera, suggesting preferential retention in protein- and lipid-rich neural tissues, which may facilitate biomagnification. These findings highlight the significant influence of local environmental conditions, particularly proximity to industrial discharges, on Hg bioaccumulation patterns in octopus. The results emphasize the need for tissue-specific monitoring of heavy metals in marine organisms and stricter control of industrial pollution to safeguard seafood safety and marine ecosystem health.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Incidence of Surgical Site Infections in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Background: This study aimed to compare the frequency of surgical site infections (SSIs) between patients with type II diabetes and non-diabetic patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Study Design: Place and Duration of Study: Conducted at Sirte Oncology Center and a private clinic in Sirte, Libya, from February 2024 to February 2025. Methods: A total of 116 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included and divided into two equal groups of 58 patients each. Group A consisted of non-diabetic individuals, while Group B included patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Postoperative follow-up was carried out for up to three weeks to monitor for the development of SSIs. The proportions of patients developing SSIs in each group were compared using the chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: In Group A, 37 patients were older than 40 years, whereas in Group B, 35 patients were older than 40 years. Surgical site infections occurred in 3 patients (5.1%) in Group A and in 5 patients (8.6%) in Group B. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.464). Conclusion: The presence of type II diabetes mellitus was not found to significantly influence the risk of surgical site infection following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Hospital Nutrition Services and Patient Satisfaction in Hemodialysis Centers: A Cross-Sectional Study At Zliten Center for Kidney Services, Libya
Patient satisfaction with hospital catering services is a vital indicator of healthcare quality, particularly among hemodialysis patients whose nutritional requirements are highly specific and restrictive. Objective: This study aimed to assess and evaluate patient satisfaction with hospital catering services at the Hemodialysis Center in Zliten City, Libya. Methods: This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design with regard to the catering services provided to them. A total of 200 patients participated in the study, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire that included demographic information, Likert-scale items, and open-ended questions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. The findings revealed that the majority of patients were male (59%) and within the age range of 40–65 years. The highest satisfaction levels were reported for food hygiene (4.0 ± 0.5) and food temperature (3.8 ± 0.8), while the lowest satisfaction scores were given to meal variety (2.8 ± 1.1) and dietary suitability (3.1 ± 1.0). Statistical analysis indicated a significant association between longer dialysis duration and dissatisfaction with meal variety (p = 0.013), while no significant differences were observed based on gender or age. Open-ended feedback further emphasized concerns about limited variety, bland taste, and the lack of meals tailored to cultural or dietary needs. Overall, the results highlight strengths in hygiene and food safety but reveal deficiencies in variety and dietary suitability. These findings suggest the need for improving hospital menus through greater diversification, cultural adaptation, and closer alignment with patients’ dietary requirements in order to enhance patient satisfaction and overall quality of Healthcare, Conclusion: The study highlights the need for improvements in hospital catering services, particularly in meal diversity and renal-specific dietary planning. Incorporating patient feedback into food service planning can enhance satisfaction, support nutritional care, and improve the overall treatment experience for hemodialysis patients. These findings can inform future quality improvement initiatives in Libyan hospital settings.
Clinical Comparison of Stela Chemically-cured Bulk-fill Composite and Conventional Light-Cured Composite in Posterior Restorations: A 6-Month Clinical Study
Background: Composite resins are widely used for posterior restorations, but conventional light-cured composites are associated with polymerization shrinkage and postoperative sensitivity. Stela is a newly developed chemically-cured bulk-fill composite designed to simplify placement and reduce shrinkage stress. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the postoperative sensitivity and short-term clinical performance of new chemically-cured bulk-fill composite with a conventional light-cured composite in posterior restorations. Materials and methods: A total of 40 Class I restorations in permanent molars were placed in 20 patients (11 females and 9 males, ranging from 18-40 years of age) each patient requiring at least two posterior restorations participated in this split-mouth clinical study. Each patient received one restoration with chemically-cured bulk-fill composite (Stela Automix, SDI, Australia) after the application of Stela primer and another one with a conventional light-cured composite (Filtek P60, 3M ESPE, USA). All restorations were placed by one operator and directly evaluated by two independent examiners. Postoperative sensitivity was recorded on a 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS) after 48 hours, 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months. Clinical performance was assessed by using modified USPHS criteria, which included marginal adaptation, anatomic form, surface texture, and secondary caries. Data were analyzed statistically using paired t-tests and Chi-square tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The results at 48 hours and 1 week indicated that Stela Automix restorations showed significantly lower mean VAS scores compared with traditional resin composites restorations (p<0.05). Statistical analysis at 1 and 6 months showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. The results showed that the both groups achieved high clinical ratings for marginal adaptation, anatomic form, and surface texture. Regarding secondary caries, the results showed that the secondary caries were not detected in both groups. Conclusion: The stela chemically-cured bulk-fill composite demonstrated comparable short-term performance to conventional composites, with reduced early postoperative sensitivity. It may offer practical advantages in everyday restorative dentistry, although longer-term clinical studies are recommended.
A Study to Raise Awareness Among Parents About Receiving the BCG Vaccine for Tuberculosis in Newborns and Statistics on the Number of Children who Received the Vaccine During the Period 2023-2024 In Al-Khums City
Childhood vaccinations save an estimated millions of newborns worldwide, significantly contributing to the reduction of global child mortality rates. The BCG vaccine, which protects against tuberculosis, contains live Mycobacterium bovis bacteria and is a fundamental part of immunization programs in many countries. This study aims to raise awareness among parents about the importance of administering the BCG vaccine to newborns, assess their understanding of the importance of timely vaccination, determine the relationship between BCG vaccination and the incidence of tuberculosis in children, and ultimately improve public health and reduce neonatal mortality in Libya. The results of the introductory study, conducted in Al-Khums and its surrounding areas with a sample of 150 newborns who received the vaccine within a period of no more than one and a half weeks, showed that 67% of parents were aware of the vaccine, while 33% were not. Furthermore, 60% of the total sample knew it was a vaccine against tuberculosis, 8% knew it contained live bacteria, and 32% were unaware of the vaccine. The results showed that 94% of the parents in the sample knew that the vaccine was given to newborns, a high percentage indicating awareness of the BCG vaccine compared to those who were unaware (4%), and those who were unaware (2%). The results also indicated that a high percentage of the sample (78%) knew that illnesses could affect vaccination, such as skin infections, immune system problems, and fever. Additionally, 51% of the study sample knew how to administer the vaccine, and 63% were aware that tuberculosis is a lung disease. The results also showed that 24% of children vaccinated with the BCG vaccine experienced side effects such as vomiting and skin allergies, while 76% did not. Furthermore, 82% of the parents in the sample administered the vaccine to their children on schedule, and the majority (76%) of those who were late in administering the vaccine (within a week) cited its unavailability at health centers as the reason for their delay. The statistical study results showed that the number of people who visited health centers in Al-Khums and received the vaccine during the periods 2023-2024 was 7,327 and 7,976, respectively. These numbers are relatively close, with some variation between months. This variation is attributed to fluctuations in the number of births, unlike December, which saw zero vaccinations during both years due to vaccine unavailability.
Central Giant Cell Granuloma in the Libyan Population- A 30 Year Retrospective Study
Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign, uncommon intraosseous lesion typically found in the jawbones and characterized by having multinucleated giant cells in their histopathology. The etiology of this lesion is not clear, but it may be reactive, developmental, or neoplastic. It has a clinical and radiographic presentation that is similar to benign tumors. However, the World health organization (WHO) classifies it as a bone-related lesion rather than a true tumor. Although several studies have investigated both demographic and anatomical characteristics of CGCG in different populations, there is a lack of data regarding the Libyan population. It is essential to identify demographic and anatomical patterns to reach an accurate diagnosis and effective management. This retrospective cross-sectional study fills a significant gap in the literature by adding population-specific data. In this study we reviewed cases of CGCG diagnosed at the Faculty of Dentistry, Benghazi University, over a 30-year period from 1990 to 2021. Patient data—including age, gender, and lesion site—were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Out of 2036 histopathological specimens, 33 cases (1.6%) were diagnosed as CGCG. The lesions showed female predominance (66.6%), with a mean age of 32.7 ± 18.6 years (range: 8–67 years). The mandible was more frequently affected (74.2%) than the maxilla, particularly in the posterior region. CGCG in the Libyan population exhibits a demographic and anatomical distribution consistent with findings in other populations, including a female predominance and a mandibular predilection. These results highlight the importance of population-specific data in guiding diagnosis and treatment.
A Retrospective Study of COVID-19 Vaccine Reactogenicity and Reinfection Susceptibility by ABO Blood Group in a Libyan Academic Community
Several reports have suggested that ABO blood groups and different COVID-19 vaccine platforms may influence susceptibility to infection and the pattern of post-vaccination reactions. In this study, we examined these factors in an academic community in Northwestern Libya. A total of 418 participants completed an online survey conducted between June and October 2022. Among them, 213 individuals (50.9%) reported previous COVID-19 infection, with the following blood group distribution among the infected: A (39%), O (38%), B (15.5%), and AB (7.5%). When blood group O was compared with all non-O groups combined (A, B and AB), individuals with group O showed a lower likelihood of reinfection (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.24–0.96, p = 0.036). Additionally, most respondents (76.1%) had received at least one vaccine dose, and the pattern of reported side effects differed by vaccine type (p < 0.0001). Statistically, viral-vector vaccines (Sputnik V and AstraZeneca) were more frequently associated with systemic symptoms such as fatigue, headache, and fever. In contrast, recipients of the inactivated Sinopharm vaccine reported fewer reactions. These findings provide locally relevant information for the Libyan population and suggest that blood group O may be associated with a reduced risk of reinfection, and that the vaccine platform appears to influence short-term side-effect profiles experienced by the subjects.
Role of Trained Innate Immunity Activation by Metabolic Reprogramming in Immune Response Regulation Against Emerging Viral Infections.
Trained innate immunity (TII) is a memory-like adaptation of innate immune effectors that is accomplished through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of trained immune cells. In contrast to bacterial and fungal infections where the mechanisms of defense have been well studied, its contribution to antiviral defense is still poorly understood. This study focused on the mechanism of metabolic reprogramming that controls the activation of trained innate immunity and improves antiviral responses during emerging viral infections. Human macrophage derived monocytes and murine models were pre-stimulated with betulinic acid (b-glucan) or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) inducing trained immunity followed by testing with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Seahorse assay, LC-MS/MS, histone modifications (ChIP-qPCR), gene expression and cytokine production were analyzed. β-glucan and MPLA priming promoted hemodynamic glycolytic activation and accumulation of fumarate and succinate as well as stimulating histone marks (H3K4me3, H3K27ac). Trained macrophages had a significant increase in IL-6, TNF-a and IFN-v secretion and upregulation of antiviral genes (IFNB1, ISG15). Survival and virus load were shown to be increased in vivo in v-glucan-trained mice after infection. Metabolic reprograms of antiviral TITI through the connection between activation of glycolysis and epigenetic reprogramming and cytokine priming. These results present immunometabolism as a potential target of new generation antiviral drugs and adjuvants for vaccines.
Correlation between Single nucleotide polymorphism (rs20541 A>G) and Serum Interleukin -13 In Asthma
Asthma is a complex disease with factors owing to heredity and exposures that are environmental resulting in chronic airway inflammation. Differences in immune related genes may lead to susceptibility to disease and alterations of cytokines. The present case–control study aimed to assess the relationship of IL13 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs20541 (A>G) to asthma risk, and its role in serum IL-13 levels according to various genotypes. A total of 118 subjects were recruited for the study: 60 with asthma and 58 healthy controls. The genotyping of the IL13 rs20541 (A>G) polymorphism was conducted by Sanger sequencing, and serum IL-13 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The genotype and allele frequencies of IL13 rs20541 were not significantly associated with asthma susceptibility (P = 0.120). G allele frequency was 33.33% for asthma patients and 24.14% for the control group, respectively, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (P=0.28). Furthermore, serum IL-13 levels did not significantly vary between all of the genotypes (P = 1.543). The results of the present study demonstrate that the IL13 rs20541 polymorphism is not a risk factor for asthma, or controls serum levels of IL-13, in this population from Iraq. Additional large-scale studies are necessary to validate these findings for GWAS and extensive genetic markers associated with personalized asthma treatments.
Insomnia Management in Community Pharmacies of Tripoli, Libya: A Simulated Patient Assessment of Counseling Practices
Background: As the first point of contact for many with sleep problems, community pharmacists (CPS) play a key role in managing acute insomnia. This study evaluates the counselling and management practices of CPs in Tripoli-Libya; regarding this condition, an area where evidence remains scarce. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the simulated patient (SP) methodology. A trained female SP presented a standardized case of acute, stress-related insomnia at 275 randomly selected community pharmacies in Tripoli. Data on history-taking, recommendations, and counselling were collected via a structured form and audio recordings, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A product was dispensed or recommended in 83.3% of visits. History-taking was inconsistent; while most pharmacists inquired about symptom nature (95.3%) and duration (62.9%), critical safety checks for concomitant medications (37.5%), medical conditions (9.8%), and allergies (2.2%) were frequently omitted. Melatonin supplements (44.4%), sedating antihistamines (25.5%), and magnesium (18.5%) were the most common recommendations. Inappropriate supply of prescription-only benzodiazepines occurred in 1.1% of cases. Counselling was deficient: while 80.4% provided dosing instructions, information on frequency (45.5%), duration (43.3%), and potential side effects (7.3%) was often lacking. Non-pharmacological advice was limited, with 45.8% advising caffeine reduction. The mean consultation time was brief (1 minute, 37.4 seconds), and an empathetic communication style was observed in only 8.7% of encounters. Conclusion: The management of acute insomnia in Libyan pharmacies is inadequate, favoring product supply over patient counselling and safety. This underscores an urgent need for educational programs, structured protocols, and regulatory reinforcement to improve care.