A Review of Innovations In Tissue Engineering And Regenerative Medicine Include The Use Of Biomaterials, The Creation Of Scaffolds And Artificial Intelligence In Stem Cells
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have been among the fastest growing scientific disciplines, driven by the integration of biomaterials, stem cells, scaffolding technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) to reconstruct tissues and restore their function. Natural biomaterials offer a rich environment for biosignatures but are limited in structural applications due to poor mechanical stability. Synthetic material, on the other hand, offer flexible control over mechanical properties and degradation rates, but with limited inherent biocompatibility, making hybrid biomaterials a promising option. Electrospinning and 3D and 4D bioprinting technologies have contributed to the development of scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix, although challenges related to deep porosity, mechanical stability, and uniform printing persist. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are the most common clinical choice, while induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) hold potential in personalized medicine, despite concerns about genomic integrity. Exosome based therapy represent a safe and effective alternative to whole cell therapy. AI enables the prediction of biomaterial and cell behavior, enhances bioprinting, and allows for virtual model testing via digital twins. However, widespread clinical use is hamepered by a lack of regulatory standards and data, as well as the difficulty in understanding the models. Challenges in tissue engineering include blood supply, immune response and ethical and legal issues. Research underscores the need for coordinated, multidisciplinary research efforts. This integration represents the foundation for a new generation of regenerative medicine capable of overcoming current obstacles and restoring vital functions with precision and sustainability.
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