مراجعة للابتكارات في هندسة الأنسجة والطب التجديدي تشمل استخدام المواد البيولوجية، وإنشاء الهياكل الداعمة، والذكاء الاصطناعي في الخلايا الجذعية.

Murphy, S. V., & Atala, A. (2014). 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nature Biotechnology,

(8), 773–785. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2958

Zhang, Y. S., Yue, K., Aleman, J., et al. (2017). 3D bioprinting for tissue and organ fabrication.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 45(1), 148–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-016-1612-8

Groll, J., Boland, T., Blunk, T., et al. (2016). Biofabrication: reappraising the definition of an

evolving field. Biofabrication, 8(1), 013001. https://doi:10.1088/1758-5090/8/1/013001

Mandrycky, C., Wang, Z., Kim, K., & Kim, D. H. (2016). 3D bioprinting for engineering complex

issues. Biotechnology advances, 34(4), 422-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.011

Daly, A. C., Prendergast, M. E., Hughes, A. J., & Burdick, J. A. (2021). Bioprinting for the

biologist. Cell, 184(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.002

Xue, J., Wu, T., Dai, Y., & Xia, Y. (2019). Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: methods,

materials, and applications. Chemical reviews, 119(8), 5298-5415.

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00593

Li, D., & Xia, Y. (2004). Electrospinning of nanofibers: reinventing the wheel? Advanced Materials,

(14), 1151–1170. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400719

Huang, Z. M., Zhang, Y. Z., Kotaki, M., & Ramakrishna, S. (2003). A review on polymer

nanofibers by electrospinning. Composites Science and Technology, 63(15), 2223–2253.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00178-7

Bhardwaj, N., & Kundu, S. C. (2010). Electrospinning: A fascinating fiber fabrication technique.

Biotechnology Advances, 28(3), 325–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.01.004

Pant, H. R., Neupane, M. P., Pant, B., et al. (2011). Electrospun nanofibers for biomedical

applications. Polymer Reviews, 51(3), 135–176.

Bianco, P., Robey, P. G., & Simmons, P. J. (2008). Mesenchymal stem cells: Revisiting history,

concepts, and assays. Cell Stem Cell, 2(4), 313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2008.03.002

Caplan, A. I. (1991). Mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 9(5), 641–650.

https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100090504

Caplan, A. I., & Correa, D. (2011). The MSC: An injury drugstore. Cell Stem Cell, 9(1), 11–15.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2011.06.008

Dominici, M., Le Blanc, K., Mueller, I., et al. (2006). Minimal criteria for defining multipotent

mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy, 8(4), 315–317.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14653240600855905

Pittenger, M. F., Mackay, A. M., Beck, S. C., et al. (1999). Multilineage potential of adult human

mesenchymal stem cells. Science, 284(5411), 143–147.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5411.143

Engler, A. J., Sen, S., Sweeney, H. L., & Discher, D. E. (2006). Matrix elasticity directs stem cell

lineage specification. Cell, 126(4), 677–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044

Discher, D. E., Janmey, P., & Wang, Y.-L. (2005). Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of

their substrate. Science, 310(5751), 1139–1143. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116995

Trappmann, B., & Chen, C. S. (2013). How cells sense extracellular matrix stiffness. Current

Opinion in Cell Biology, 25(5), 582–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2013.06.002

Yue, K., Trujillo-de Santiago, G., Alvarez, M. M., et al. (2015). Synthesis, properties, and

biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. Biomaterials, 73, 254–271.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045

O’Brien, F. J. (2011). Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering. Materials Today, 14(3), 88–

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70058-X

Hutmacher, D. W. (2000). Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. Biomaterials,

(24), 2529–2543. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00121-6

Woodruff, M. A., & Hutmacher, D. W. (2010). The return of a forgotten polymer—polycaprolactone

in the 21st century. Progress in Polymer Science, 35(10), 1217–1256.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002

Kazem Mehdi Kazem & et al. Libyan Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences 4(1) (2026), 1-15

Takahashi, K., & Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse fibroblasts

by defined factors. Cell, 126(4), 663–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024

Thomson, J. A., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Shapiro, S. S., et al. (1998). Embryonic stem cell lines derived

from human blastocysts. Science, 282(5391), 1145–1147.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5391.1145

Nosrati, H., Sefidi, N., Sharafi, S., et al. (2021). Artificial intelligence in regenerative medicine:

Applications and perspectives. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 12, 427.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02543-9

Wu, Y., Ding, X., Wang, Y., & Ouyang, D. (2023). Harnessing machine learning in tissue

engineering. Burns & Trauma, 11, tkad040. https://doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkad040

Yang, Y., Wu, S., Yu, L., et al. (2022). Machine learning for materials science. Nature Reviews

Materials, 7, 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-024-01179-5

Gelmi, A., & Schutt, C. E. (2021). Stimuli-responsive biomaterials: Scaffolds for stem cell control.

Advanced Healthcare Materials, 10(1), e2001125. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202001125

Ramesh, S., Mehendale, N., McGowan, S., et al. (2021). Artificial intelligence in 3D bioprinting.

Biofabrication, 13(4), 042002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ac1fcb

Thiele, J., Ma, Y., Bruekers, S. M. C., et al. (2014). Designer hydrogels for cell cultures. Advanced

Materials, 26(1), 125–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302958

Crapo, P. M., Gilbert, T. W., & Badylak, S. F. (2011). An overview of tissue and whole organ

decellularization processes. Biomaterials, 32(12), 3233–3243.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057

Badylak, S. F., Taylor, D., & Uygun, K. (2011). Whole-organ tissue engineering: Decellularization

and recellularization. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 13, 27–53.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124743

Daly, A. C., Davidson, M. D., & Burdick, J. A. (2021). 3D bioprinting of high cell-density

heterogeneous tissue models. Nature Communications, 12, 753. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-

-21029-2

Kang, H. W., Lee, S. J., Ko, I. K., et al. (2016). A 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale

tissue constructs. Nature Biotechnology, 34(3), 312–319. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3413

Langer, R., & Vacanti, J. P. (1993). Tissue engineering. Science, 260(5110), 920–926.

Mason, C., & Dunnill, P. (2008). A brief definition of regenerative medicine. Regenerative

Medicine, 3(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.2217/17460751.3.1.1

Williams, D. F. (2019). Challenges with the development of biomaterials for sustainable tissue

engineering. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7, 127.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00127

Martelli, A., Bellucci, D., & Cannillo, V. (2025). The role of artificial intelligence in biomaterials

science: A review. Polymers (Basel), 17(19), 2668. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17192668

Zhou, B., Li, X., Pan, Y., He, B., & Gao, B. (2025). Artificial intelligence-assisted next-generation

biomaterials: From design and preparation to medical applications. Colloids and Surfaces B:

Biointerfaces, 114970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114970